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Haiphong
Haiphong ((ベトナム語:Hải Phòng), ) is the third largest city of Vietnam and northern Vietnam's most important seaport with its deep-water anchorage and large maritime facilities. The city's name means "coastal defense" and it is nicknamed ''the Flamboyant City'' because of the many ''Delonix regia'' planted throughout it.
==History==
Haiphong is the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng) who rose against Chinese rule in the year 43 C.E. Centuries later under the Mạc Dynasty the area earned the appellation ''Hải tần Phòng thủ'' ("defensive coastal area") as it protected the eastern flank of Mac kings' home province. By the 19th century at the end of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức's reign, the Hang Kenh Communal House in what is now the city's Le Chan district was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance.〔(Haiphong's Culture ). HaiphongTourism.gov.vn〕 The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.
At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a devastating typhoon ravaged the area, claiming up to 300,000 lives. Despite the damages, Hai Phong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.
Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against the French return. French forces landed in Hai Phong and encountered resistance which killed three French troops. In retaliation the French ships, among them the cruiser ''Suffren'' shelled the city, setting it ablaze,〔''Vietnam'' by Spencer C. Tucker, page 47. "On 23 November DebeS delivered an ultimatum to the Vietnamese at Haiphong, ordering them to withdraw from the French section of the city, the Chinese quarter, and the port. He gave them only two hours to reply. When the time was up the French subjected the Vietnamese positions to air, land, and sea bombardment, the bulk of the firepower coming from the three- and eight-inch guns of the French Navy Cruiser Suffren. Only military targets were destroyed and not the Vietnamese quarter as some have claimed. Estimates of the number killed in the shelling and ensuing panic vary widely. Casualties up to 20,000 have been cited. French Admiral Batter later said that no more than 6,000 Vietnamese had died, but in 1981 Vu Quoc Uy, then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, told Stanley Karnow that the figure was only 500 to 1,000 dead. Others have put the figure as low as 200".〕 precipitating the First Indochina War.〔 Maurice Vaïsse, ''L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946–1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation'', 2000, p. 276〕〔Plon, ''Le General de Gaulle et l'Indochine 1940–1946'', page 210. "In connection with the naval bombardment, let us note that only the ships of small tonnage could go up the river of Haiphong. On November 23, two colonial sloops supported for the first time the French troops with their artillery to a limited effect: the Chevreuil with its double turret, with its two pairs of 100mm, Savorgnan de Brazza with its four turrets each of one 138mm. No battleship was present. On November 27 on that the evening, the cruiser Suffren was in the Bay d' Along, its tidal water prohibiting it access of the Cua Cam. It transported troops in reinforcement..."〕 French infantry forces under the command of Jean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fighting house to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.〔Phillippe Devillers, ''Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952''. Editions du Seuil, Paris. Third edition,1952, pp. 331–340〕
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